Testing the marine and continental fossil records: comment and reply

Article Abstract:

Continental vertebrate and echinoderm fossil records are reportedly of 'comparable quality' at the familial level. However, the use of a systematic method in taxonomic studies of the extensive yet incomplete fragmentary materials could give higher quality echinoderm fossil records in the generic and species levels. It is elucidated though that data at the said levels are unaffected by the extent of taxonomic studies and have little impact on the phylogeny of higher levels. High quality fossil records are obtained by the use of advanced technology and a thorough analysis of data.

Vertebrates, Fossils, Paleontology, Echinodermata

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Middle Cretaceous reef collapse linked to ocean heat transport: comment and reply

Article Abstract:

Johnson et al. claim that the atmospheric heating of oceans during the Cretaceous period led to the evolution of 'rudist reefs,' with alternating periods of superheated water surfaces and warm saline intermediate water. This argument is not tenable because it is impossible to draw 'reef lines' on their maps because nonreefal biotypes are occupied by rudists. They followed the theory proposed by Kauffman and Johnson describing a superheated, hypersaline, Cretaceous ocean-climate zone. However, there are no geochemical or paleoecological data to support Kauffman et al.'s claim.

Ocean-atmosphere interaction, Climatic changes, Climate change, Paleoclimatology, Cretaceous period, Reefs

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Possible crystalline gastroliths of large marine Vertebrata from Oligocene pelitic sediments of the Northern Apennines, Italy: comment and reply

Article Abstract:

Enrico Pandeli and assoc presented evidence to support their interpretation of the transport of the clasts that form dropstones. They enumerated four principal processes for the transport, namely, ice rafting, biological rafting, projectiles and flotation and gravitational processes. The evidence could also be used to confirm an alternative hypothesis that shows that the clasts may also represent outrunner blocks from submarine gravity-flow deposits that continued moving downslope after the parent flow had frozen.

Italy, Criticism and interpretation, Natural history, Marine sediments, Rocks, Oligocene Epoch, Rocks, Crystalline, Pandeli, Enrico

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