Battery energy storage technologies
Article Abstract:
Battery energy storage systems, including lead-acid batteries, power conversion systems and control systems, are used by power generating utilities, power distributing utilities and major power consumers. The advantages provided to generating utilities by battery energy storage systems include load leveling, frequency control, spinning reserve, modular construction, convenient siting, no emissions and investment deferral for new generation and transmission equipment. Demand changes can be avoided by power distributing utilities and major power consumers by discharging batteries at peak periods and recharging them at lower cost, off-peak periods. Battery energy storage systems are most cost effective with discharge periods of under five hours. The potential battery energy storage needs for the year 2000 are estimated at 4,000 MW. The Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority is constructing five plants totaling 100 MW.
Publication Name: Proceedings of the IEEE
Subject: Electronics
ISSN: 0018-9219
Year: 1993
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Wind energy systems
Article Abstract:
Wind energy is a renewable, environmentally clean resource and the annual available resources for wind energy are estimated to be more than twice the total oil and gas reserves in the US. Wind power technology has matured to the point where it is ready for acceptance as a utility generation technology. Wind energy supplied about 1.5 percent of PG&E's system load in 1990 and regularly supplies up to 8 percent of the utility's electricity with no stability problems. The seasonal and time-of-day availability of the wind is predictable to a certain extent, warranting the use of wind power technology in locations where a good correlation exists between the resource and utility load demand. Wind turbine technology can be combined with emerging energy storage and transmission technology along with new power quality-control systems to provide firm power from a renewable resource.
Publication Name: Proceedings of the IEEE
Subject: Electronics
ISSN: 0018-9219
Year: 1993
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Progress in magnetic fusion energy research
Article Abstract:
Development of energy production from nuclear fission began about 40 years ago with the Magnetic Fusion Energy Program. The effort has been sustained by the scientific and political communities of the world and has resulted in remarkable progress. The US, Japan, Russia and the European Community have formed a collaborative effort to develop a 1,000-MW experimental reactor (ITER). The US is developing a superconducting steady-state advanced tokamak (SSAT) to improve the reactor prospects of fusion. The economic and technological attractiveness of fusion as an energy source remain unclear, but the world must consider the potential of the technology in view of the limited long-term options available for maintaining energy supplies.
Publication Name: Proceedings of the IEEE
Subject: Electronics
ISSN: 0018-9219
Year: 1993
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