Evaluation and management of menstrual dysfunction in athletes

Article Abstract:

Female athletes have a higher than average rate of menstrual dysfunction, particularly amenorrhea (lack of menstrual periods) and oligomenorrhea (infrequent or scanty menstrual flow). Because more and more women are exercising regularly, and the long-term effects of these exercise-related disorders are not known, research is needed in this area. Hormonal deficiencies over prolonged periods of time, particularly in combination with inadequate diets, may be cause for concern. The literature on menstrual dysfunction in athletes is reviewed and treatment plans are proposed. Research suggests that no irreversible reproductive dysfunctions should occur as a result of menstrual dysfunction in athletes. But the various disorders, including luteal phase deficiency and hypoestrogenic amenorrhea, are very common among athletes and can last a long time. Over time, a woman may alternate among the different menstrual dysfunctions. There have not been any reports of adenocarcinoma (cancer) or endometrial hyperplasia (proliferation of normal cells lining the uterus) in athletes, and the risk of these conditions is probably very low. But there is concern about the risk of osteoporosis in women athletes with amenorrhea and low estrogen levels. Treatment for oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea is difficult to plan because there is no way of knowing how long the dysfunction will last. Methods of treatment include oral contraceptives or estrogen-progestin therapy, equally acceptable options. The different menstrual dysfunctions and recommended therapies are discussed in detail. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Reports, Physiological aspects, Menstrual cycle, Endocrine gynecology

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A 21-year-old woman with menstrual irregularity

Article Abstract:

The menstrual cycle is a complex process and can be affected by many things. Menstruation normally lasts 2 to 7 days and occurs every 22 to 40 days. Blood loss ranges from 25 to 69 milliliters. Menstruation involves neurotransmitters and several hormones including follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen and progesterone. Menstrual disorders can be caused by changes in hormone levels or by other factors such as pregnancy, infection, uterine tumors, blood clotting disorders, weight loss, exercise and stress. Treatment often involves hormone replacement therapy.

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The diagnosis and treatment of athletic amenorrhea

Article Abstract:

Female athletes who experience an interruption in their menstrual cycle during intense training may also experience other long-term complications. These women may be at greater risk for osteoporosis, infertility, and deterioration of tissues lining the vagina and urethra. Many of these conditions are reversible or treatable. Women with abnormal cycles before beginning training or are light for their height may be more likely to stop menstruating during training.

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