Inhibitory effect of high caloric load of carbohydrates or lipids on human pancreatic secretions: a jejunal brake
Article Abstract:
Twelve healthy men with an average age of 25.3 years were enlisted for this study. A tube with three chambers was inserted into the jejunum, a portion of the small intestine. In each experiment the location of the tube was verified by X-ray and a saline solution was infused into the jejunum. Simultaneously digestive juices which were secreted were collected at a distant site from the point of the infusion. Following this 75 minute control period, one of several food solutions was installed and the collection process was continued. This method allowed the investigators to collect secretions following a protein, carbohydrate or mixed meal and measure the levels of pancreatic and liver (bile) activity. The method was also used to measure the effect of the level of caloric content of the meal on secretions. The experiment showed that carbohydrate, lipid or mixed meals decreased the level of pancreatic enzyme secretion, but only the pure carbohydrate meals had an effect on bile flow. When the caloric content of the infused fluid was increased there was a jejunal "braking" action which included a decrease in stomach emptying and the measured rate of secretion. This could be significant for individuals suffering from malabsorption syndromes, such as those patients having the effective length of bowel shortened by surgery or congenital deformity (short bowel syndrome). This study indicates that in these cases improved absorption of food might be obtained by keeping the caloric content of infused feedings at a lower rate.
Publication Name: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Subject: Health
ISSN: 0002-9165
Year: 1989
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Spontaneous meal patterns of humans: influence of the presence of other people
Article Abstract:
People are social animals and it comes as no surprise that social factors are a strong influence on human eating behavior. These factors operate whenever people meet at mealtimes, including scheduled family meals and social luncheons. The current study used 14 males and 49 female paid volunteers to assess the effect on eating volume and other behaviors by having the subjects prepare a seven day diary of food intakes which included entries for the number of people who participated in all meals. When single meals were excluded the volume of ingested food at meals directly correlated with the number of individuals who attended the meal. The subjects ate an average of 44 percent more food when others were present than when they were alone. The rate of satiety was also found to be decreased by approximately 30 percent in the presence of others. Social forces are always at play when food is eaten in company and changes of behavior are expected. Eating in the presence of others resulted in large meals being taken, but did not change the period of time before the next meal was taken. These studies appear to suggest that eating alone is healthier in that less food is consumed, satiety is reached, and the length of time before the next meal may also be increased.
Publication Name: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Subject: Health
ISSN: 0002-9165
Year: 1989
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Analysis of dietary data
Article Abstract:
A nutrient database, or dietary analysis system, is a large collection of data concerning the nutrient composition of foods. For every food item, the quantities of all the nutrients it contains in a typical portion are listed, as well as the size of the portion. There are many dietary analysis systems currently available. Such a system should be as complete as possible; ideally it should include all the foods that scientists have analyzed to date. Dietary analysis systems are used to evaluate the nutritional adequacy of diets; the diets of research subjects and patients are frequently assessed with these systems. The computer produces a report showing intake of dietary components such as calories, fat, protein, vitamins and sodium. If the nutrition professional is to draw a fair conclusion about an individual's diet, the database must be accurate. Topics to consider when choosing an existing system or developing a new system for use in research are discussed.
Publication Name: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Subject: Health
ISSN: 0002-9165
Year: 1989
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