Regulation of cell volume in health and disease

Article Abstract:

Regulation of cell size by the movement of water and solutes across membranes is crucial to the normal functioning of cells and abnormal regulation can lead to various diseases and complications. Changes in solute concentration inside or outside of cells leads to swelling or shrinkage of cells by water movement that equalizes concentrations across membranes. Cells regulate this movement of water by rapidly transporting charged atoms, known as electrolytes, or slowly producing and transporting molecules known as osmolytes. Brain swelling may be caused by increased cell volume and treated by manipulation of solute concentration and membrane transport. In diabetes mellitus, high levels of glucose lead to the swelling of cells which may cause complications such as neuropathy, cataract formation, and retinopathy. In sickle cell anemia, red blood cells become sickled when water flows out of them and abnormal hemoglobin concentrations in the cells increase. Abnormal growth of cells may also be caused by abnormal swelling of cells that triggers cell division.

Physiological aspects, Cells (Biology), Fluid-electrolyte balance, Cells, Osmoregulation

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Human cloning and the challenge of regulation

Article Abstract:

Human cloning should be allowed in specific cases and regulations and guidelines should be developed to promote responsible use of the technique. Cloning can be seen as another reproductive choice for couples who cannot have a baby because of infertility or genetic disorders. If the couple agrees to raise the resultant child, the sale of cloned embryos could be eliminated. Experience with identical twins shows that having identical DNA does not deny twins individuality and freedom of expression.

Ethical aspects, Cloning, Human reproductive technology

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The FDA, regulation, and the risk of stroke

Article Abstract:

Congress should amend the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act so that drugs that are marketed as dietary supplements can be regulated. A good example is ephedra, which can have serious side effects. Phenylpropanolamine has already been removed from most over-the-counter appetite suppressants and cold remedies because it has been linked to hemorrhagic stroke.

Editorial, Complications and side effects, Dietary supplements, Phenylpropanolamine, Adrenergic alpha-agonists, Ephedra

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