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The Nuremberg Code and the Nuremberg Trial: a reappraisal

Article Abstract:

A careful reading of the Nuremberg Code reveals that the judges who developed it did not necessarily want it to be limited to the cases of Nazi atrocities. They meant the 10 principles to apply to medical research on humans then and in the future. However, the 1995 report of the US Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments revealed that many researchers participating in these studies ignored the basic principles outlined in the Nuremberg Code. Many of the subjects believed they would not be asked to participate if the treatment was not beneficial. This indicates that they did not give informed consent, which violates the Code's First Principle.

Author: Katz, Jay
Publisher: American Medical Association
Publication Name: JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association
Subject: Health
ISSN: 0098-7484
Year: 1996

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Legacies of Nuremberg: medical ethics and human rights

Article Abstract:

A physician and medical ethicist propose the organization of a permanent global court based on the post-World War II Nuremberg Court to protect the rights of humans from torture at the hands of state governments. The Nuremberg Court convicted many Nazi physicians and government officials for their crimes against Jews and other ethnic groups. However, the resulting Nuremberg Code has never been formally adopted and humans are still participating in unethical research studies, sometimes without their informed consent. Doctors and lawyers should work together to stop these abuses.

Author: Annas, George J., Grodin, Michael A.
Publisher: American Medical Association
Publication Name: JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association
Subject: Health
ISSN: 0098-7484
Year: 1996
Editorial, International aspects, Crimes against, Human rights, Medical ethics

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US medical researchers, the Nuremberg Doctors Trial, and the Nuremberg Code: a review of findings of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments

Article Abstract:

The Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments in 1995 found that many US medical researchers did not apply the Nuremberg Code to their research. This Code was developed during the trials of Nazi physicians in post-war Nuremberg. It provides guidelines for the ethical treatment of humans who participate in medical research. However, the US press did not cover the trial in detail, and many US physicians believed that the Code did not apply to them. The Committee showed that many Cold War experiments that exposed patients to radiation violated the Nuremberg Code.

Author: Moreno, Jonathan D., Faden, Ruth R., Lederer, Susan E.
Publisher: American Medical Association
Publication Name: JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association
Subject: Health
ISSN: 0098-7484
Year: 1996

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Subjects list: Laws, regulations and rules, Ethical aspects, Human experimentation in medicine, Human medical experimentation, Informed consent (Medical law), Informed consent, Nuremberg Code, 1947
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