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The discovery of the cardiac conduction system: the testimony of the authors

Article Abstract:

The discovery of the components of the cardiac conduction system was revisited. The reporting of such discoveries was erroneous thus, various historical academic papers were reviewed to determine the precise temporal sequence leading to the anatomical discoveries. Keith and Flack and later on Wenkebach and other researchers pioneered anatomic and physiologic studies on the sinus and atrioventricular nodes using animal models. Later on, Stanley Kent studied the unique morphology of cardiac muscles and its relation with nervous impulses. The role of Tawara on cardiac conduction studies was given consideration.

Discovery and exploration, Cardiologists, Heart conduction system

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The influence of romantic literature on the medical understanding of pain and suffering - the stimulus to the discovery of anesthesia

Article Abstract:

The subjectivity and humanism of the Romantic Period arose out of disillusionment with the failure of the French Revolution, a collective albeit violent action, to secure human progress. The leading intellectuals of the Romantic Period turned to the inner resources of the self as the only means to achieve that progress. It became acceptable and even necessary to give importance to the individual rather than the collective happiness. It was in this climate of self-seeking that Henry Hickman, Humphrey Davy and Thomas Beddoes, Sr. laid the foundations for the science of anesthesia.

History, Influence, Anesthesia, Romanticism

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The Sinkovics Hybridoma - the discovery of the first "natural hybridoma."

Article Abstract:

The American immunologist Joseph G. Sinkovics first produced a hybridoma in 1969, some six years before Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein developed the the hybridoma technique to produce monoclonal antibodies directed against specific antigens. The hybridoma did not generate much interest in Sinkovic's time, so he turned to other research projects. Kohler and Milstein, whose technique differs from Sinkovic's in many respects but is based on the same principle of cell fusion, were awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their work on artificial hybridomas.

Research, Practice, Immunologists, Hybridomas, Sinkovics, Joseph G.

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