Measuring Third World Security Expenditure: A Research Note

Article Abstract:

The defense burden of developing countries in relation to their economic performance has been the subject of many macroeconomic studies. Security-expenditure data of Third World countries is seldom reliable as released by the governments of these countries. Even organization reports regarding these expenditures are not always valid. There are five frequently-used techniques of obscuring this data. Double bookkeeping is a common method whereby one set of accounts is used for publication and another for international consumption. Extra-budgetary accounts, highly aggregated budget categories and manipulation of foreign exchange are used. Military assistance reporting is vague or misleading.

Safety and security measures, Finance, International aspects, Defense spending, Industry, Industries

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A Note on Stabilization and the World Bank

Article Abstract:

The World Bank is assumed to be prohibited from strengthening the balance-of-payments stance of member countries via its lending operations. The Bank can, therefore, support development only. The World Bank actually has been empowered to provide the long-term financing for balance-of-payments support. The empowerment can be assumed from the Bretton Woods assertion, that balance-of-payments problems are structural in nature. The authority of the Bank has been weakened in this regard. The operations of the Bretton Woods institutions have thus been hampered.

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Ensuring security the 'ASEAN way'

Article Abstract:

Asia-Pacific leaders should cooperate to allow the region to replace regional stability enforced by the US, with the stability of a Pacific community. All of East Asia's states are committed to economic development, but much will depend on the region's ability to socialise China into its regional arrangements.

Management, Association of Southeast Asian Nations

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