Can schizophrenia cause posttraumatic stress disorder?
Article Abstract:
A link between stress and schizophrenia has long been established, and stress has been viewed as a contributing factor in schizophrenia. However, the possibility of schizophrenic episodes as a cause of extreme stress, resulting in a condition known as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), has been overlooked. A case is presented of a 32-year-old black man diagnosed with residual schizophrenia, whose schizophrenic delusions that his family and others were haranguing him and labeling him a sexual pervert, and that they were plotting his torture and death, caused him to develop symptoms that resemble those associated with PTSD. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition, revised (DSM-III-R), the fundamental criterion for PTSD is the experience of ''an event that is outside the range of usual experience that would be markedly distressing to almost anyone.'' At the same time, psychotic symptoms themselves, as defined in DSM-III-R, might qualify as stressors capable of provoking PTSD, simply because they can be so terrifying. The authors postulate that if schizophrenic episodes can be considered traumatic events, the clinical picture of schizophrenia may be distorted. In addition, the resulting stress may predispose a patient to exacerbations of psychotic episodes, resulting in a vicious circle. At the same time, by recognizing the possibility that schizophrenia can cause extreme stress, new approaches to therapy that address the stress component may be useful. It is concluded that perhaps a new subtype of schizophrenia can be developed that incorporates symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)
Publication Name: American Journal of Psychotherapy
Subject: Psychology and mental health
ISSN: 0002-9564
Year: 1989
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Combat-related, chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: implications for group-therapy intervention
Article Abstract:
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs as a result of severe environmental stress. The condition is a syndrome of maladaptive responses that encompasses a wide range of symptoms, including overwhelming anxiety, confusion and paranoia, and feelings of loss of control; the victim may also constantly reexperience the traumatic event. The disorder normally lasts a minimum of six months after the event and may continue for as long as 30 years. Many approaches to treatment have been tried, and frequently, a combination of individual and group therapy has been used. Little attention has been paid to PTSD patients who develop the condition as a result of combat experience during a war. Group therapy may have particular advantages for these patients. The structure of a group therapy environment is described in a report of 14 men with PTSD who were combat veterans and had suffered wounds or from shock on the battlefield an average of 18 years earlier. All patients met the criteria for PTSD, all had received pharmacologic treatment prior to beginning group therapy, and all had overused tranquilizers. The importance of creating an effective working relationship with the patient is stressed, along with emphasis upon problematic themes which are common to most of the PTSD patients, such as aggression, guilt, and problems with interpersonal relationships and occupation. Focus upon curative factors such as hope, catharsis, and mutual support is also essential. These areas and other aspects of the group therapy process with PTSD patients are discussed. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)
Publication Name: American Journal of Psychotherapy
Subject: Psychology and mental health
ISSN: 0002-9564
Year: 1990
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The dynamics of posttraumatic stress disorder in South African political ex-detainees
Article Abstract:
In South Africa, black political prisoners who have been released frequently suffer from a condition known as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The condition is characterized by unwanted recurrent memories, hyperalertness, 'gunshyness', and exaggerated emotional detachment. The necessary preconditions for trauma severe enough to result in PTSD are defined as realistic expectation and fear of death or torture, impotence in affecting the outcome of their situation, and passivity or restraint from taking action. The psychological defense mechanisms that individuals manifest , in an attempt to reduce the anxieties caused by the trauma are discussed and it is suggested that it is the failure of these mechanisms in the face of overwhelming threat that produces the symptoms of PTSD.
Publication Name: American Journal of Psychotherapy
Subject: Psychology and mental health
ISSN: 0002-9564
Year: 1989
User Contributions:
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