Private and quasi-social rates of return on pharmaceutical R&D in Japan

Article Abstract:

The rates of return (ROR) on pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) in Japan is calculated based on the R&D function and the return function. R&D function refers to the link between R&D expenses and new drug development while the return function is the link between new drug development and profits. The presence of both spillover and generic effects leads to two types of ROR, quasi-social ROR and private ROR. The former (about 33%) is found to exceed the private ROR (about 19%) because of the spillover and generic effects.

Pharmaceutical preparations, Pharmaceutical industry

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The determinants of overseas R&D by Japanese firms: an empirical study at the industry and company levels

Article Abstract:

Several factors underlie Japanese firms' decision to locate research and development (R&D) investments abroad during the late 1980s. A review of Ministry of International Trade and Industry data at the sectoral level and R&D statistics at the firm level suggests that overseas investment is favorable when support for local manufacturing and marketing is in place and outweigh home R&D activity. Other determinants are access to technological knowledge and knowledge-creating institutions.

Evaluation, Foreign investments

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Research consortia as a vehicle for basic research: the case of a fifth generation computer project in Japan

Article Abstract:

Government-subsidized research consortia are efficient means of carrying out basic researches as revealed by an analysis of Japan's Fifth Generation Computer Systems Project. Such research and development projects significantly benefit from limited spillovers, enhanced decision-making and lesser exposure to risks. Participants of research consortia also gain advantage from reduced operational costs and are offered with opportunities to acquire new knowledge and ideas.

Electronic computers, Computers, Electronic Computer Manufacturing, Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering, and Life Sciences, Commercial physical research, Research & Development-Industry, Digital computers, Science and technology policy

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