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Political authority and university formation in Europe, 1200-1800

Article Abstract:

An analysis of the relationship between political authority and the founding of universities between 1200 and 1800 in Europe indicates that a high percentage were founded in autonomous areas. This explains the high number founded in the decentralized atmosphere of Germany and Italy. By contrast, England, with its centralized political structure, saw no new institutions after Oxford and Cambridge till the 19th century. The political structures of France and Spain had various centers of authority and the pattern there indicates a medium to high number of new universities.

Research, Universities and colleges, Education policy, Higher education, Higher education and state

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The globalization of the gay & lesbian socio-political movement: some observations about Europe with a focus on Italy

Article Abstract:

The growth of international acceptance of gay movements has been spawned by changes in family and religious values, as well as legal and political developments. In Italy, for instance, the shift from traditional Roman Catholic conceptions towards more liberal attitudes on homosexuality was fostered by the country's membership in the European Union. Mass media also plays a dominant role in the spread of more egalitarian values on the treatment of gays and lesbians.

Social aspects, Italy, Analysis, International aspects, Social movements, Gay liberation movement, Gay rights movement

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The ideal type of authority in the United States and Germany

Article Abstract:

Affect theory was used to develop an ideal authority from the literature identifying three dimensions of meaning. The ideal type was then used to compare United States and Germany subjects. In the two studies reported involving more than 1700 United States and Germany subjects, a high degree of cross-cultural agreement was found on what was classified as authority.

United States, Germany, Evaluation, Multiculturalism, Social structure, Competent authority

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