Free food or earned food: a review and fuzzy model of contrafreeloading
Article Abstract:
The phenomenon of contrafreeloading describes the behaviour of animals which will work for earned food even though free food is readily available. Contrafreeloading has been shown in most vertebrate species, except the domestic cat and seems to contradict the basic principles of prevailing theory. A review of the factors that appear to affect contrafreeloading is presented and a fuzzy logic model is described that determines the interaction between stimulus uncertainty, effort and hunger.
Publication Name: Animal Behaviour
Subject: Zoology and wildlife conservation
ISSN: 0003-3472
Year: 1997
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The ontogenetic switch between odonate life history stages: Effects on fitness when time and food are limited
Article Abstract:
The switch between aquatic larva and terrestrial adult in the Calopteryx splendens xanthostoma damselfly. It was predicted that each individual would eclose with reduced flight muscle mass and fat reserves compared with those of mature adults. The results help to demonstrate that selection pressures within one odonate life history stage, have a strong effect on individual and offspring traits in other life history stages.
Publication Name: Animal Behaviour
Subject: Zoology and wildlife conservation
ISSN: 0003-3472
Year: 1999
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The measurement and meaning of inclusive fitness
Article Abstract:
The idea of inclusive fitness gives an important shortcut for studying social behavior and understanding how to apply it, assuming, however, that we can ignore the genetics underlying a particular trait. Researchers should avoid speaking about the inclusive fitness of individuals and speak only of the inclusive fitness of traits or strategies, or of the inclusive fitness of individuals for some particular trait.
Publication Name: Animal Behaviour
Subject: Zoology and wildlife conservation
ISSN: 0003-3472
Year: 1996
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