Neural tube, skeletal and body wall defects in mice lacking transcription factor AP-2

Article Abstract:

Mice with a homozygous disruption of the AP-2 gene exhibit multiple congenital defects and die at birth. The mice show anencephaly, craniofacial defects and thoraco-abdominoschisis. Bone deformations and their absence are seen in the head and trunk region. Early stages of embryogenesis indicate a failure of cranial neural-tube closure and defects in cranial ganglia development. A study on mice indicates that AP-2 regulates mammalian craniofacial development.

Abnormalities, Physiological aspects, Genetic transcription, Transcription (Genetics), Neural tube, Neural tube defects, Skull

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Control of B-cell responses by Toll-like receptors

Article Abstract:

The activation and differentiation of T-helper [T(sub H)] cells is not sufficient for the induction of T-dependent B-cell responses. It is found that in addition to CD4(super +), T-cell help generation of T-dependent antigen-specific antibody responses requires activation of toll-like receptors in B cells.

Organizational history, Analysis, Company restructuring/company reorganization, Reorganization and restructuring, B cells, Immunization, Company organization, Structure, T cell proliferation

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Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappa-B by Toll-like receptor 3

Article Abstract:

It has been established that Toll-like receptor 3 is vital in the recognition of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). It appears that the presence of vital dsRNA sparks off many of the cellular responses to viral infection.

RNA, RNA synthesis

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