Natural plasmids of filamentous fungi

Article Abstract:

Plasmids of more than one type can be found in the same strain of filamentous fungi, and the distribution of varying types seems to be independent. Plasmids are extragenomic DNA molecules that have been observed in bacteria, fungi and plants, but not in animals. Linear plasmids occur in many fungi and usually have two open reading frames (ORFs) coding for the DNA and RNA polymerases. Circular plasmids are restricted to Neurospora spp. and possess one ORF that codes for a DNA polymerase or a reverse transcriptase. Plasmids occur mostly in the mitochondria and some linear plasmids can integrate into the DNA causing death of host cells.

Observations, Molds (Fungi)

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Gene regulation of plasmid- and chromosome-determined inorganic ion transport in bacteria

Article Abstract:

The genetic regulation of chromosome and plasmid-controlled prokaryotic transport of inorganic ions is described. The regulatory mechanisms for the chromosome encoded transport of potassium, phosphate, iron, magnesium and sulfates are also determined. Likewise, the regulation of plasmid ion resistance systems for heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium and arsenic are elucidated. Transport systems, which are chromosomally-controlled, are regulated by complex systems, while plasmid-controlled ion transport are regulated by a single protein in a sensor-effector pair system.

Ions

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Bacillus subtilis sporulation: regulation of gene expression and control of morphogenesis

Article Abstract:

Sporulation is an adaptive response of Bacillus subtilis to starvation which involves two sister cells in the process. It starts with a nutritional signal which initiates the formation of asymetric spore septum. After septation, two transcription factors differentiate into separate gene expression activities wherein it involves the engulfment of the prespore by the mother cell. The final stages of the process require the activation of various genes for maturation and eventual release.

Genetic aspects, Bacillus subtilis, Genetic regulation, Plant dispersal, Spores (Botany), Spores

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