The requirement of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma for the expression of protective immunity to secondary murine tularaemia depends on the size of the challenge inoculum

Article Abstract:

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma are necessary for immunity against secondary murine tularaemia and the extent of their requirement depends on the size of the inoculum. Non-immune mice have no defense against Francisella tularensis when treated with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. Introduction of an F. tularensis inoculum of 500 c.f.u. produces infection in the livers, spleens and lungs of these mice. Immune mice treated with TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma mAbs fight secondary infection even with 50-fold larger inocula.

Interferon gamma, Immunity, Immunity (Physiology), Tumor necrosis factor, Tularemia

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Effect of phytoplankton cell size on transient-state nitrate and ammonium uptake genetics

Article Abstract:

The vacuole sizes of marine phytoplankton may enable them to maintain high rates of nitrate and ammonium uptake in marine environments. A slow initial uptake followed by long consumption periods were recorded for the large and small varieties of Ditylum brightwellii. Meanwhile, Lauderia borealis and Thalassiosira pseudonona were not able to consume nitrates at the rates exhibited by D. brightwellii because they were smaller. The larger species is able to pool its large nitrate uptake in vacuoles, which acts as nutrient reservoirs for the cell.

Phytoplankton, Vacuoles

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Novel cell-wall teichoic acid from Nocardiopsis albus subsp. albus as a species-specific marker

Article Abstract:

The cell walls of three strains of Nocardiopsis albus subsp. albus have teichoic acids which are identical in structure and the cell wall of each strain has three teichoic acids, 3,5-poly(ribitol phosphate), 1,5-poly(ribitol phosphate) which have been observed for the first time in prokaryotes, and 1,3-poly(glycerol phosphate). Structure determination of the acids was done by chemical analysis and NMR-spectroscopy. Structure identities of the acid polymers from the three strains indicates their species-specificity.

Methods, Analysis, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Bacterial cell walls

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