Squeezing data like an accordion

Article Abstract:

Compression allows computer users to save space and accelerate downloads. This difficult task consists of short abbreviations that reduce files to their basic information. Programmers since the 1940s have developed algorithms in search of the ultimate compression system. Variations from Huffman coding and Lempel-Ziv compression, two general compression systems from this era, also have supported Pkzip and other numerous recent solutions. Compression is rooted in adjusting the length of code words according to a pattern's frequency. The process has been applied in Morse Code and in sending telegrams. Lempel-Ziv lets users place a copy of a particular file's code book into the file's final compressed version. By comparison, the earlier telegram era limited both sides to using the same code book.

Usage, Computer industry, Design and construction, Technology overview, Data compression, Disk/file compression software, Data compression software

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Relationship lending and lines of credit in small firm finance

Article Abstract:

The role of relationship lending in small business finance is investigated. The study focuses on price and nonprice terms of bank lines of credit issued to small businesses to test the hypothesis that banks gather information over the duration of the bank-borrower relationship and employ this information to modify the terms of the loan contract. The results support this hypothesis. Banks are found to resolve the acute asymmetric information problems that lending to small firms entails by gathering and analyzing information as the bank-borrower relationship progresses, and then using these data to refine contract terms. The findings also show that small companies with longer bank relationships are charged lower interest rates and are less likely to be required to provide collateral.

Research, Finance, Small business, Commercial credit, Bank loans

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