Pygmalion, goal setting, and expectancy: compatible ways to boost productivity

Article Abstract:

The Pygmalion, goal-setting, and need-for-achievement approaches use effort-to-performance expectancy in order to explain work motivation. The motivation to expend effort is distinguished from the motivation to choose a task. Expectancy is conceptualized both as a stable trait and as a changing state. A resolution of rival hypotheses derived from expectancy theory and the theory of achievement is proposed. An integrative model posits that raising expectations and setting difficult goals are mutually reinforcing means that can boost productivity. It is argued that measuring expectancy as subjective probability of success (SPS) has impeded expectancy research. Comparative quantiles and amount of output expected are proposed as alternatives to SPS. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

Performance standards, Job performance standards, Management by objectives

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Persons, situations, interactions: the history of a controversy and a discussion of theoretical models

Article Abstract:

The history of the person-situation controversy is reviewed. Although this controversy is not new, and most psychologists now see themselves as interactionists, they disagree about the kinds of person, situation, and interaction process units that should be emphasized. Two models, a social intelligence model and a goals model, for analyzing person-situation interaction and the question of person-environment congruence are considered. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

Social intelligence, Interpersonal conflict, Personality and situation, Situation-personality interaction

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Enriching goal-setting theory with time: An integrated approach

Article Abstract:

The overlooked role of time in goal-setting theory is examined. The integration of time into this theory is found to add to its dynamism and validity in the increasingly complex, constantly changing work environment.

United States, Science & research, Methods, Analysis, Work environment, Time management

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