Cleaning and repairing stone

Article Abstract:

Those responsible for cleaning and repairing stone facades should be aware that these facades can contain a wide range of components, including hoop-iron, cramps and bolts. Problems which may need to be addressed include cracking and disruption of exterior stone casings to stanchions and beams, differential thermal movement between outer and inner skins and inadequate bond through the wall thickness. It may be necessary to obtain permission from English Heritage and local authorities before cleaning work can begin.

Remodeling and renovation, Stone buildings

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Explaining the bookend effect

Article Abstract:

Victorian and Georgian terraces in the UK can be vulnerable to the 'bookend effect,' where longitudinal expansion of the terrace pushes the end-of-terrace properties sideways. This means that flank walls move out of plumb, while front and rear walls are racked sideways in their own plane, making them out of square. Longitudinal expansion of continuous front and rear terrace walls will displace sideways the party and flank walls linked to them. Crosswalls are displaced more at their tops, and thus lean sideways.

Housing, 19th century AD

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