Density dependence, frequency dependence, and alternative nesting strategies in goldeneyes

Article Abstract:

A model that considers only frequency-dependence was developed to determine whether intraspecific brood parasitism (IBP) can be evolutionarity stable in the Barrow's goldeneye (Bucephala islandica). It was shown that IBP can persist through negative frequency-dependent selection. The effects of density-dependence were subsequently incorporated into the model and it was shown that a density threshold above which the fitness effects of frequency-dependence were significant. The results suggest that mixed and conditional evolutionarily stable strategies are not mutually exclusive in cases wherein population density varies.

Models, Natural selection, Social behavior in animals, Animal social behavior

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The evolutionary maintenance of alternative phenotypes

Article Abstract:

The effects of the environment on phenotypic plasticity, or polyphenism, were examined with the use of models. It was pointed out that the environment affects phenotype in two ways. First, environmental factors act as cues during the early development of an organism, giving rise to various phenotypes. Second, environmental factors cause a further selection among the various phenotypes based on relative fitness. The environmental cues always precede selective environmental factors, and there is always a time lag between their actions because it takes time to produce phenotypes.

Environmental aspects, Phenotype, Phenotypes, Variation (Biology)

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On alternative reproductive tactics in anurans: dynamic games with density and frequency dependence

Article Abstract:

Six predictions about the mating behavior of male anurans are presented, based upon a stochastic dynamic game that evaluates the choices between the three alternative mating tactics used by anurans. These three choices are 'call,' 'satellite and 'leave the chorus to forage and hide.' The six predictions attempt to show the differences in mating behavior based on age, female population, seniority and other factors.

Sexual behavior, Research, Mate selection, Frogs, Anura

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