A trivariate model of participation, fertility and wages: the Italian case

Article Abstract:

Women have a low participation in paid work in Italy, as well as a low fertility rate. There are links between wages, women's labor force participation, and fertility. Wages have the most impact on whether women have children and take on paid work. Rises in women's wages have affected fertility rates. Women tend to be faced with a decision to take on full-time work or not work at all, due to the peculiarities of the Italian labor market, which helps to explain why both fertility rates and labor force participation rates are low. The low level of input of men into domestic labor also helps to explain the phenomenon.

Italy

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The wages of motherhood: better or worse?

Article Abstract:

Women in Britain who have children tend to earn lower wages than childless women. Comparisons between 1978 and 1991 show that the gap persists, but is more explainable in terms of part-time work in 1991, and less so in terms of human capital. Women tend to suffer a drop in wages if they stop work after childbirth, but fare as well as childless women if they carry on working. All women tend to be paid less than men. Relative wages for women in part-time work have worsened since 1978, as have relative wages for women who take time off for motherhood.

Wages, Wages and salaries

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Careers and motherhood: policies for compatibility

Article Abstract:

Women are tending to return to work after a shorter period following childbirth, and this had had a major impact on the participation of mothers in the labor force in Britain. The British government has come to accept that mothers should work, and has also started to put pressure on single mothers to work. Paid parental leave would improve the employment choices of parents, as would working hours that fitted in with family life. A childcare subsidy or cash payment would also be beneficial.

Social policy

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