Europe, The United States and the Middle East: A Case Study in Comparative Policy Making

Article Abstract:

This research is taken from a paper presented to the Europa Institute Colloquim on European Policy Making and the Arab Israeli Conflict. The European Declaration on the Middle East that emerged from the Venice European Council gathering of 1980 was a direct response to the Camp David meetings backed by the United States. The Declaration was reminiscent of stress generated by the Middle East as far back as the Suez problem. After 1969, the European Political Co- operation (EPC) approach evolved. European-American dealings have been exacerbated by the search for an answer to the Middle East problem. The Middle East war of 1973 affected international relations both politically and economically. Its impact, as well as Kissinger's policy and involvement are assessed. The United States role in the peace process was viewed as integral from 1973 to 1978. The international ramifications of policy making and policy co-ordination are detailed. The mechanisms of European Economic Community (EEC) policy and United States policy should be more closely aligned.

United States, Economic policy, Middle East, International relations

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Tradable carbon permits in Europe: feasibility and comparison with taxes

Article Abstract:

The benefits of the policy allowing tradable carbon permits in the European Union were discussed. Under the system of tradable carbon permits, owners of polluting firms are allowed to release a predetermined amount of pollutants. The permits are given free and can be exchanged in return for payments. Tradable permits are considered a more attractive alternative to higher carbon energy taxes. In case the demand for energy increases, the price for the permits will increase but their amount will remain constant.

Laws, regulations and rules, European Union

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Sulfur trading under the 1990 CAAA in the US: an assessment of first experiences

Article Abstract:

Direct regulation of air pollution was initially used but this is less flexible than tradeable emission quotas. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed an emission trading program which can be compared with a sulfur allowance trading program implemented from Jan 1995. A number of improvements can be observed with the new system in contrast to the EPA system. These include lack of restrictions of trade to certain areas, and clear monitoring and enforcement rules.

Air Pollution Control, Waste Management and Remediation Services, Economic aspects, Chemical industry, United States. Environmental Protection Agency, Sulfur industry

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