Keynote article: federal ideals and constitutional realities in the Treaty of Amsterdam

Article Abstract:

The EU's Treaty of Amsterdam of 1997 resulted from negotiations by member states focused on managing the transition to the EMU. Large scale negotiations in EU history have typically centered on a major substantive agenda such as trade or exchange rate stabilization. The Treaty of Amsterdam resulted from three considerations, namely, pending issues unresolved in the Maastricht treaty of 1992, a need for more democratic mechanisms in the EU and the matter of enlarging the membership to include central and eastern European countries.

Administration of General Economic Programs, Intnl Economic Policy, Treaties & Intnl Law, Laws, regulations and rules, International economic relations, European Monetary System, Treaties

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Differentiated integration in Europe: the case of EEA country, Norway

Article Abstract:

A study argued that non-member European Economic Area (EEA) countries are integrated to the same extent as European Union full members are in terms of policy harmonization using Norway as an example. It was shown that legislative adaptation to the EU takes place at a broad scale and is highly dynamic. Data indicated that EU coordination efforts have been weakened subsequent to the interim period during which the EU council structure was open for Norwegian participation.

European Community, Research, Management, International aspects, Norway, Harmonization of laws

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A categorization of differentiated integration

Article Abstract:

Previous studies have only created confusion over the concept of differentiated integration which refers to integration strategies aimed at promoting heterogeneity within the European Union. However, it is shown that differentiated integration is divided into three categories, namely, multi-speed, variable geometry and a la carte which are each affected by the variables of time, space and matter, respectively.

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