Revolution from above: the role of the state in creating the German research system, 1810-1910

Article Abstract:

German research universities emerged in the 19th century and showed that the government investment in non-directed academic research. Moreover, this investment resulted in the rapid development of scientific knowledge . The period 1848-1871 was defined by modest economic growth as well as to some degree, stagnation and decline. Recruitment of brilliant faculty is one of the primary concerns of the state ministers. It is also enhanced by necessary incentives, such as the protection of intellectual property in a competitive system.

Research and Testing Services, Scientific Research and Development Services, Research & Development-Universities, National R&D Programs, Economic aspects, Germany, Industrial research, Science and technology policy, University research

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Oligopoly and financial structure: comment

Article Abstract:

The study by Brander and Lewis positing that a firm will utilize 'strategic debt' as part of an aggressive output strategy and to elicit a reduction in output from a competitor was criticized. On the contrary, the optimal debt choice of price competitors is due to uncertainties occurring in the output market. In addition, price-competing firms are not inclined to incur strategic debt due to their negative strategic effect.

Competition (Economics), Oligopolies

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