Social evolution

Article Abstract:

Darwin's theory of random variation and the survival of the fittest is now being applied in many areas with which it was not originally associated, including human psychology itself. The apparently wide-reaching nature of Darwinism is the result of its being a philosophical principle, rather than an empirical scientific law. Looking beyond readily accepted views about change and progress, it is clear that human society differs considerably from the biological realm, and there is no reason why Darwinism should be relevant to social and cultural evolution.

Analysis, Social Darwinism

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Self-reference in individual and social decision-making

Article Abstract:

Decision-making has tended to be seen as a process of intentional calculation, in economic thought. There is a notion of rationality that is applied to decision-makers at all times, who are seen as choosing between alternatives in line with their preferences. Perceptions tend to be based on past experience, and new experiences are integrated into the past. The cognitive map is based on past experience and helps us to incorporate new experiences. We would understand more about decision-making if we accepted the idea of rationalities being diverse.

Psychological aspects, Decision-making, Decision making, Rational expectations (Economics)

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Crime, punishment and social expenditure

Article Abstract:

Societies vary in how they punish crime, and the extent to which punishment is enforced. Tax systems for redistributing income also vary. These issues are affected by the impact of crime on various groups in society, the likelihood of mistaken convictions, political structures and wealth distribution. Individuals can become more sensitive to crime as their income alters. Richer societies tend to put more resources into redistributing income and enforcement.

Social aspects, Criminology, Criminal justice, Administration of, Administration of criminal justice

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