Decreased sensitivity of artesunate and chloroquine of Plasmodium falciparum infecting hemoglobin H and or hemoglobin constant spring erythrocyctes

Article Abstract:

Plasmodium falciparum is the most common cause of malaria in the tropics and subtropics, while artesunate is a derivative of the naturally occuring antimalarial drug artemisinin. Research is detailed that shows artesunate has less effect on Plasmodium falciparum during an infection when the infecting agent is parasitic off of: variant red blood cells (erythrocytes) that carry hemoglobin H, whether or not the red blood cells also carry hemoglobin Constant Spring; or variant red blood cells that carry homozygous hemoglobin Constant Spring. Sensitivity to chloroquine in infections to the same types of red blood cells was similarly reduced. However, the sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to pyrimethamine whether the infection was to hemoglobin H or hemoglobin Constant Spring, was unchanged from when the infection was to normal red blood cells. The different sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum-infecting hemoglobin H compared to normal infecting red blood cells is attributed to their oxidative mode of action and the high levels of antioxidant enzymes found in the host red blood cells. This research could have implications in the chemotherapy treatment of malaria in patients who gave genetically variant red blood cells.

Research, Drug therapy, Malaria, Clinical enzymology

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Children of choice

Article Abstract:

Abortion rights are attacked on the grounds of a baby's life versus a woman's convenience. But an unwanted pregnancy can mean a subsequent lifestyle for a woman that stifles her potentials for a reasonable life. Delaying childbirth seems to be a way for some women to avoid disaster.

Column, History, Public opinion, Women's rights, Abortion, The New York Times Magazine (Periodical)

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Bourgeois virtues?

Article Abstract:

A argument stating that bourgeois need not be apologetic is presented explaining that greed, miserliness or self-interest which are associated with bourgeois have been in existence since the earliest times. Seven virtues of bourgeois life are discussed.

Middle class values

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