Applications of highly stable oscillators to scientific measurements

Article Abstract:

The frequency stability of atomic clocks (oscillators) continues to improve. The units of time, frequency and the redefined unit of distance through the velocity of light are based on atomic frequency standards. Quantum phenomena that occur in particles whose physics encompass incredibly smaller distance scales are now being used to measure astronomical and astrophysical quantities near the edges of the universe. Improved performance in atomic clocks and fundamental space science should produce some surprises concerning the nature of the universe, including the relationship between gravity and three other fundamental forces.

Standard, Standardization, Industrial research, Time measurement, Astronomy, Science, Technical, Research and Development, Space Exploration, Clocks, Frequency

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Gyrotron oscillators

Article Abstract:

The state of the art of gyrotrons, microwave tubes capable of delivering very high microwave power in the long-pulse and CW operation at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths, is discussed. The history of gyrotron development, principles of gyrotron operation, and present and possible gyrotron applications are reviewed, and possible ways to increase gyrotron power levels and operating frequencies are described.

Microwaves, Applications, Oscillators, technical

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Nonlinear oscillators, iterated maps, symbolic dynamics, and knotted orbits

Article Abstract:

The symbolic dynamics method makes possible the study of chaotic sets in the Poincare maps of dynamical systems. The two-dimensional invertible Poincare maps may be converted to one-dimensional noninvertible maps on the interval or circle. In this case, a kneading theory of one-dimensional maps may be used to study the bifurcation sequences which occur as characteristics vary.

Maps (Geography), Systems theory, Computer Systems, Dynamic Systems, Circuitry, Symbols, Maps

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