Least-cost planning: issues and methods
Article Abstract:
Least-cost planning for electric utilities addresses a variety of options (including a balance of demand-side and supply-side alternatives), uncertainties, and the relative importance of the objectives of various stakeholders. Three major theoretical least-cost planning strategies are detailed: constrained optimization, trade-off analysis, and game theory. The implementation of planning strategies may be accomplished through any of four planning processes: traditional utility process, parliamentary process, the United Nation process, or through an unbridled competition process. Each of these is described and compared. The careful selection, definition, and implementation of a least-cost planning strategy can produce reliable, low-cost electrical services.
Publication Name: Proceedings of the IEEE
Subject: Electronics
ISSN: 0018-9219
Year: 1989
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Segmentation methods for character recognition: from segmentation to document structure analysis
Article Abstract:
A pattern-oriented character segmentation technique is examined that leads to document structure analysis. Segmentation methods are a key technology for character recognition that determines how optical character readers are used and applied. One type of this segmentation is touching handwritten numeral segmentation. Instead of a pixel image, connected pattern components are extracted, and spatial interrelations between components are measured to group them into meaningful character patterns. Stroke shapes are analyzed in the case of touching characters; ambiguities are dealt with by multiple hypotheses and verification by recognition. An extended form of pattern-oriented segmentation is discussed via an example of tabular form recognition.
Publication Name: Proceedings of the IEEE
Subject: Electronics
ISSN: 0018-9219
Year: 1992
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