Chip Architecture: A Revolution Brewing

Article Abstract:

Because microprocessors are being used for specific applications and software is becoming complex, architectural techniques are making processors more efficient. Advocates of the reduced- instruction-set-computer (RISC) argue that compilers should translate languages into microcode for storage on processors. Others implement more functions in hardware for higher speed. Pipelining and parallel processing increase the throughput of machines. Pipelined processors for real-time and signal processing are common. Orthogonal instruction sets, with fixed instruction lengths and preset fields, allow for greater programming flexibility and simpler hardware design while taking up more memory space. Memory management hardware on-chip protects systems and improves multiuser system implementation. Trade-offs between real-time and data-handling processors are presented. Various 16-bit and 32-bit architecture block diagrams illustrate new technologies. Also included is a photograph of the iAPX286.

Processor architectures, Parallel processing, Memory management, Processor speeds, Processor Speed, Processor Architecture, Pipelining, Instruction Sets, Memory Protection, Virtual Memory

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Technology '84: Microprocessors

Article Abstract:

The driving force in design of microprocessors has moved from hardware to software. With the four major manufacturers of microprocessors obtaining UNIX licenses in 1983, 16- and 32-bit microprocessors will likely adopt the system as a de facto standard. The popularity of UNIX is due to its capabilities, its high efficiency from multiple revisions, and its portability. The Zilog 80000 and the National Semiconductor NS3202 32-bit microprocessors introduced in 1983 stressed compatibility with preceding processors and orthogonal instruction sets. Other advanced microprocessors faced unfavorable receptions because of their lack of compatibility. Meanwhile, microcontrollers made progress with a Rockwell International 8-bit controller having two central processing units on one chip. A table gives the progress of nine 32-bit microprocessors.

UNIX, Compatibility, 8-Bit, 4-Bit

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