Energy in the 21st century

Article Abstract:

Improvement in worldwide standards of living add up to higher energy consumption; ways must be found to produce more, despite natural resource shortages and environmental demands according to a technical consultant and energy conservation advocate. Technical challenges related to resources involve natural gas, crude oil/carbonaceous resources, biomass and noncarbonaceous resources, such as nuclear fission. Cleaner liquid fuels are an aspect of processing challenges. Topics include population/consumption, catalysts and other chemical aspects, the future of processing. historical patterns of energy use in the US, fuel cells, transportation in the US, emissions of carbon dioxide, and energy efficiencies. Tables compare carbon emission with other factors, US and China, give projected worldwide energy demand, 2000, 2030, World, OECD and non-OECD, and charts show primary energy sources in the US since early 19th century, US distribution of intercity transportation mileage. Royal-Dutch/Shell and ExxonMobil are mentioned.

United States, China, Industrialized Countries, Developing Countries, Statistical Data Included, Research, Planning, Product development, Electric utilities, Product information, Supply and demand, Prevention, History, Transportation industry, Energy use, Petroleum industry, Statistics, Electric power generation, Environmental aspects, Gas industry, Energy industries, Power resources, Pollution, Transportation, Gasoline industry, Energy industry, Catalysts, Alternative energy sources, Renewable energy, Gasoline, Population, Biomass, Specialty chemicals industry, Electric power-plants, Electric power plants, Fuel industry, Petroleum refineries, Electric power production, Fossil fuels, Electric power plant efficiency

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Risk taking in R&D organizations

Article Abstract:

Research and development (R&D) organizations and their risk-taking are discussed. Risk can be used as a tool to manage innovation. Risk-taking is often said, in R&D, to be crucial to individual and organizational success, but risk must first be understood. If management publicly funds some work that makes sense because of potential big payoff even though probability of success is low, risk-taking is encouraged. If management takes risk, subordinates will see that and use it as a model. Desired behavior must be rewarded. Wise risk analysis is important. A theoretical model for the innovation process is diagrammed.

Management, Risk assessment, Business, Innovations, Evaluation, Economic aspects, Risk (Economics), Risk management, Employee motivation, Research teams

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