Head and neck cancer

Article Abstract:

Oral cancer is a common type of head and neck cancer. This type of cancer includes cancer of the mouth, cancer of the pharynx and cancer of the larynx. Individuals who drink alcohol and smoke cigarettes have a significantly higher risk of developing oral cancer than other individuals. Viral infections and genetic factors may also play a role in the development of this type of cancer. Oral cancer is often difficult to diagnose early because many patients only experience mild symptoms. Patients with suspected of oral cancer should undergo a through examination of the oral cavity and different types of radiological imaging. Many patients with oral cancer may be suffering from other health problems associated with alcohol and tobacco use. Oral cancer patients usually undergo surgery and radiation therapy after their initial diagnosis. Chemotherapy is used most often to treat patients with metastatic cancer or those suffering from a cancer recurrence.

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Clonal origin of bladder cancer

Article Abstract:

Patients with bladder cancer may have multiple tumors that arise from a single cancer cell. As the cancer develops, the tumors can grow independently and have different genetic changes. Thirteen tumors from four women with bladder cancer were assessed for inactivation of the X chromosome and genetic changes in chromosomes 9q, 17p and 18q. Every woman has two X chromosomes in every cell except ova, and only one is active after birth. All of the tumors in each patient had inactivation of the same X chromosome. Normal bladder cells from each of the patients had random inactivation of one of the X chromosomes. All of the tumors in a given patient lost the same genes from chromosome 9q. Different tumors from a single patient lost different genes from chromosomes 17p and 18q. Changes in chromosome 9q occur soon after transformation of normal cells to cancer cells, but changes in chromosomes 17p and 18q occur only in older cancer cells.

Development and progression, Bladder cancer

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Head and neck cancer

Article Abstract:

The diagnosis, staging, and treatment of head and neck cancer is reviewed. Surgery is the most common treatment, which can be followed by radiation or chemotherapy.

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