The economic costs of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Article Abstract:

Diabetics frequently suffer from complications associated with their illness; common complications are cardiovascular and circulatory problems, visual disorders, kidney disease and skin problems. Previous studies dealing with the economic costs of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) have addressed only the costs attributed directly to diabetes; these cost estimates are underestimated since they do not account for the costs of related disorders. The authors have computed a cost estimate for NIDDM that includes these complications. In arriving at their estimate, the authors first computed the cost of NIDDM and each of its related complications, including health care expenditures, number of persons completely disabled, number of deaths, and loss of productivity resulting from death and disability. For each condition surveyed, they applied a fraction representing the proportion of cases of the illness attributable to NIDDM. The total cost for the condition, multiplied by the fraction, represented the economic cost of that illness attributable to NIDDM. The study indicated that in 1986, the total cost of NIDDM was $19.8 billion, consisting of $11.6 billion in health care expenditures and $8.2 billion in lost productivity. Of the $11.6 billion in health-care costs, $6.8 billion was for diabetic care and $4.8 billion was for related disorders. The death toll from NIDDM in 1986 was 144,000 or 6.8 percent of all mortality in the United States. In addition, 951,000 persons were permanently disabled.

Research, Medical economics, Economic aspects, Type 2 diabetes

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Postmarketing Surveillance and Adverse Drug Reactions: Current Perspectives and Future Needs

Article Abstract:

Innovative methods are needed to detect adverse drug reactions (ADRs). In June, 1993, the FDA created MEDWATCH, which allows doctors and pharmacists to report ADRs. Most of these spontaneous reports occur when someone taking a drug has a prompt reaction that would not normally occur. It is much harder to detect ADRs that take years to develop, or ones that cause symptoms common in people who don't take the drug. These kinds of ADRs can be detected by studying the data from clinical trials, hospital databases, medical records, government and private-insurer patient databases and population-based surveillance systems.

Drugs, Complications and side effects, Diseases, Disease reporting, Centralized databases, Adverse drug reactions

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The Role of Meta-analysis in the Regulatory Process for Foods, Drugs, and Devices

Article Abstract:

Meta-analysis can be used for studies of drugs and medical devices. Meta-analysis is a way of combining separate studies and analyzing them as one large study. However, in most cases, this is done after the separate studies have been done. A better approach may be to plan the studies so they can be analyzed using meta-analysis. The studies would therefore have more in common and the data could be more easily combined.

Methods, Meta-analysis, Drug approval

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