The protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system

Article Abstract:

Estrogen appears to have a direct influence on blood vessels. Estrogen was believed to protect women from heart disease by lowering blood levels of fats that cause atherosclerosis. However, research shows that the hormone also relaxes blood vessels, causing them to expand. Estrogen may not exert this effect directly but via other proteins and chemicals that are produced when estrogen binds to its receptor. One such chemical is nitric oxide, which also relaxes blood vessels. Estrogen also affects proteins involved in blood clotting and the breakdown of blood clots.

Physiological aspects, Cardiovascular system, Circulatory system, Estrogens

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Bone mass and the risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women

Article Abstract:

Increased bone density may be a sign of long-term estrogen exposure and could predict a woman's risk of breast cancer. Researchers followed 1,373 women in the Framingham Study from 1967 to 1993. All of the women had X-rays of their hand to measure their bone density. Over the course of the study, 91 women developed breast cancer after menopause. Those with the highest bone density had 3 times the risk of developing breast cancer than those with the lowest bone density after adjusting for other factors.

Bones, Risk factors, Breast cancer, Bone density, Postmenopausal women

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Association between estrogen receptor alpha gene variation and cardiovascular disease

Article Abstract:

A mutation in the gene for the estrogen receptor may increase a person's risk of developing heart disease, according to a study of 1,739 men and women. A total of 352 of the men and women had a particular mutation in the estrogen receptor alpha gene and they were twice as likely as the others to develop atherosclerosis. They were three times more likely to have a heart attack as those who did not have the mutation.

Cardiovascular diseases, Genetic aspects, Heart attack, Genetic polymorphisms, Estrogen receptors

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