Voice asymmetries in ERISA litigation

Article Abstract:

ERISA's equitable remedies limit employees' access to the courts. The law fails to protect workers with short tenure and low wages, for example female workers, because trial costs often exceed damages. In single-employer plans, unions improve access, but in multiemployer plans they do not. The reason is that in single-employer plans unions bargain at arm's length with plan sponsors while in multiemployer plans they do not. Plaintiffs' win rates are approximately 50 percent in single-employer union ERISA cases but are significantly below 50 percent in nonunion and multiemployer cases. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

Cases, Labor unions, Workers

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Glycerol generates turgor in rice blast

Article Abstract:

Research has revealed that rice blast fungus appressoria use glycerol to penetrate the cuticles of the rice leaf. The fungus forms apressoria with a strong melanin pigment which creates turgor. The turgor can be up to 8.0 MPa, which is probably the highest figure recorded for a living organism. The fungus uses this hydrostatic pressure as a physical force to break through the rice leaf cuticle.

Agriculture, Fungi, Rice blast disease, Fungi in agriculture

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The elephants of Bangkok

Article Abstract:

The elephant was once a national symbol of Thailand's power, but in 2001 the animals are back in Bangkok as refugees. The creatures have to beg for food, but are not welcomed in this city which has embraced modernisation.

Care and treatment, Thailand, Natural history, Elephants

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