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Measure for measure: concept operationalization and the trade interdependence-conflict debate

Article Abstract:

Most quantitative studies and researches have asserted that bilateral trade reduces the probability of militarized interstate disputes (MIDs) in economically liberal dyads. There is a need to understand the relationship between the measures and inverse relationship between trade share and openness to resolve the discrepancies like trade increasing the probability of MIDs.

Author: Lowenberg, Anton D., Gartzke, Erik, Quan Li
Publisher: Sage Publications, Inc.
Publication Name: Journal of Peace Research
Subject: International relations
ISSN: 0022-3433
Year: 2003

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Defence pacts and international trade

Article Abstract:

A statistical analysis of dyadic trade between major powers from 1885 to1990 reveals that defense pacts are positively related to dyadic trade levels, and that their non-defense-pact counterparts are non significantly related to trade in Dyad.

Author: Lowenberg, Anton D., Kaempfer, William H., Long, Andrew G.
Publisher: Sage Publications, Inc.
Publication Name: Journal of Peace Research
Subject: International relations
ISSN: 0022-3433
Year: 2003
Military policy

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Instrument choice and the effectiveness of international sactions: a simultaneous equations approach

Article Abstract:

The complex relationship between instrument choice, expectations, and the behavior of both sanctioners and target has been the focus of international relations and public choice studies of sanctions.

Author: Jing, Chao, Kaempfer, William H., Lowenberg, Anton D
Publisher: Sage Publications, Inc.
Publication Name: Journal of Peace Research
Subject: International relations
ISSN: 0022-3433
Year: 2003
Administration of General Economic Programs, Intnl Economic Policy, Intnl Economic Relations, International aspects, International economic relations, Sanctions (International law)

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Subjects list: United States, Influence, International trade, Evaluation
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