Constitutional law - Establishment Clause - Seventh Circuit invalidates Illinois law mandating Good Friday school closure. - Metzl v. Leininger, 57 F.3d 618 (7th Cir. 1995)

Article Abstract:

The US Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit departed from US Supreme Court Establishment Clause precedent by asserting in Metzl v. Leininger that state action can be justified by showing either secular purpose or that religious effect was too tenuous to be significant. Established church and state jurisprudence requires the state defendant to show that there is both a secular purpose and minimal promotion of religion. The court reached the proper result in striking down a statute calling for a Good Friday school holiday but did so for the wrong reasons.

United States, Cases, Laws, regulations and rules, Illinois, Holidays, Church and state, Good Friday

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Constitutional law - voting rights - Native Hawaiians - Nineth Circuit invalidates Office of Hawaiian Affairs trustee requirement

Article Abstract:

The author discusses the US Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit's ruling in Arakai v. Hawaii, in which the court invalidated the state's job requirement that trustees for the Office of Hawaiian Affairs be of native Hawaiian descent as a violation of 15th Amendment voting rights.

Job Description & Qualifications, Suffrage, Voting rights, Trusts and trustees, Trustees, Trusts (Law), Indigenous peoples, Job qualifications, Vocational qualifications

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Civil procedure - class actions - Seventh Circuit reverses lower court's approval of class action settlement, citing evidence of collusion

Article Abstract:

The author discusses the US Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit's ruling in Reynolds v. Beneficial National Bank, in which the court disqualified a class action settlement as being collusive and inadequate.

Class actions (Civil procedure), Compromise and settlement, Class action lawsuits, Settlements (Law), Collusion

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