European Convention on Human Rights - refugees - international zones at airports - deprivation of liberty

Article Abstract:

The European Court of Human Rights found that holding refugees in airport international zones without proper access to refugee determination procedures was a violation of their rights and states' obligations. France was using an international transit zone as a place where admittance for asylum seekers could be determined without allowing refugees into state territory. The Court required asylum procedure access and judicial review if refugees are detained for a long time. This ruling gives refugees the right to enter a state's territory though not a right to asylum.

France, Airports, Refugees, Foreign trade zones

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European Convention on Human Rights - absolute prohibition of torture and inhuman treatment - limitations on right to deport aliens - danger to deportee emanating from private persons - protection of AIDS victim from deportation on compassionate grounds

Article Abstract:

The European Court of Human Rights expanded the norms under which aliens can be protected from deportation. The Court ruled Article 3 of the Convention on Human Rights applies to danger from private citizens as well as states, and stipulates that deporting AIDS victim would be inhumane. The rulings came in H.L.R. v. France, concerning a request by a drug informant scheduled to be deported to Columbia, and in D. v. United Kingdom, concerning the AIDS victim.

Remedies, Human rights, Aliens, Deportation

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National postal monopolies - international credit card billing - remailing restraints under Universal Postal Convention and European competition law: Deutsche Post AG v. Gesellschaft fur Zahlungssysteme mbH (GZS) and Citicorp Kartenservice GmbH

Article Abstract:

The article reviews a case in which the European Court of Justice interpreted the Universal Postal Convention in a sense the brings it in conflict with the European Community treaty. The author discusses the way with which such conflicts should be dealt.

European Union, Interpretation and construction, Antitrust law, Credit and debit card industry, Credit card industry, Postal service, Postal rates

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