Keithley's phantom repeater

Article Abstract:

Among the technological developments during World War II was the introduction of the driven-shield technique for making measuring instruments with high-input impedances. This technique proved to be valuable to the modern semiconductor industry. Joseph F. Keithley designed an instrument that used the driven-shield principle to offer a high-input impedance, three parallel outputs and a choice of three fixed gains. Because the phantom repeater contained no proprietary circuits, and was based on work done elsewhere, no patent was issued for the instrument. The phantom repeater was only mildly successful on the commercial market. Its real importance was to stimulate interest in high-impedance measuring. The driven-shield approach is used by most wafer testers in Silicon Valley.

History, Product development, Tests, Testing, Measurement, Measurement Techniques, Patent, Silicon Valley

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Proportionality in the morality of war

Article Abstract:

Just war theory is the most widely accepted theory of morality of war, which contains two proportionality conditions stating that a war or act in war is justified only if the damage it causes is not excessive. The two proportionality conditions are namely 'jus ad bellum' condition that concerns the resort to war and the 'jus in bello' conditions that concern the means used to fight war.

Evaluation, War, Morality of war, Conflict termination (Military science), War and morals

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Being a good corporate citizen starts with hiring lots of good citizens

Article Abstract:

Toyota is a good corporate citizen as it hires people, all of whom believe in quality, teamwork and dependability and take pride in their work.

Personnel administration, Motor Vehicles and Equipment, Japan, Human resource management, Transportation equipment industry, Company personnel management, Toyota Motor Corp., Automotive industry, TM

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