Pat on the back versus kick in the pants: an application of cognitive inference to the study of leader reward and punishment behaviors
Article Abstract:
A laboratory study which involved the participation of 84 students created a leader categorization model to comprehend the impact of leader punishment and reward behaviors. The investigation established leader noncontingent and contingent reward and punishment behaviors, as well as established noncontingent discretionary and required reward and punishment behaviors. Results indicate that leaders were perceived positively when noncontingent and contingent rewards were given, but greater improvements in productivity were made when contingent punishments were given. Results also show that while many individuals do not think of punishment in positive ways, punishment can result in productivity improvements without discrediting leaders if punishment is perceived as connected to performance.
Publication Name: Group & Organization Studies
Subject: Psychology and mental health
ISSN: 0364-1082
Year: 1989
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A descriptive model of managerial effectiveness
Article Abstract:
An assessment is made of what effective managers actually do. A diverse sample of 78 managers was observed directly in 'natural' settings. Trained observers gathered the data, and were associated with a subordinate-report unit effectiveness measure. A descriptive model of managerial effectiveness was derived, using canonical correlation analysis. The model is one-dimensional and entails a continuum which ranges from quantity-oriented managers to quality-oriented traditional managers.
Publication Name: Group & Organization Studies
Subject: Psychology and mental health
ISSN: 0364-1082
Year: 1988
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