The life-style of four wenren in late Qing Shanghai

Article Abstract:

The modernity and openness of society in the international section of Shanghai, China during the late Qing Dynasty, from 1840 through 1911, encouraged Chinese wenren, or intellectuals, to migrate to the city and pursue the opportunities for freedom and education that it offered them. The lives of four such wenren, the scholar Wang Tao, military general and novelist Chen Jitong, political novelist Zeng Pu and revolutionary scholar Jin Songcen, illustrate the tensions existing between the modernized, public personae and private Chinese identities of these figures engaged in cultural transition.

Behavior, Intellectuals, Intercultural communication, Shanghai, China, Intellectual life

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The organization and utilization of labor service under the Jurchen Chin dynasty

Article Abstract:

The Jurchen tribes from Manchuria, who ruled China during the Chin dynasty beginning in 1115, continued the Chinese institution of statutory labor service. All male adults were required to serve in the military or in the corvee or to pay a remittance tax for hiring a substitute. Under the Chin, the principle of equal service was upheld, while use of the tax promoted flexibility in hiring laborers. Public works completed under this system included capital construction, water conservancy projects, the Grand Canal and military construction.

National service, Service, Compulsory non-military

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A profile of the Manchu language in Ch'ing history

Article Abstract:

Manchu-language documents are an important source for scholars studying the Ch'ing period of Chinese history. Manchu was the official language of the dynasty and was used as a security language by the military until the 1860s. Many sensitive documents were not translated into Chinese. Manchu was also considered emblematic by the literati and attracted the interest of private scholars, including many Westerners. Its use also survived in urban folk culture.

Language and languages, Manchus

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