Western influences and images of China: the persistent efforts to engage and change China

Article Abstract:

The West, especially the US, has actually had little influence over the developments that occurred in China despite the remarkable efforts it has exerted since the late 19th century. China is not a blank canvas upon which Westerners can paint an entirely new picture whenever they desire. Westerners, especially Americans, have constantly attempted to spread another coat of paint over Chinese civilization in the mistaken assumption that were starting anew. The US effort to change China has remained constant, and, as in previous attempts, it is destined to surely fail again.

United States, International relations, Chinese foreign relations, United States foreign relations

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Commemorating war in eighteenth-century China

Article Abstract:

The Chinese Qianlong Emperor instituted various commemorations made for what he regarded as ten military victories during his reign. These memorials included inscribed stele, military rituals, and paintings. The Qianlong Emperor supervised the construction or establishment of many memorials due to his profound interest in warfare and his place in history. All these testimonials affirm the Qianlong Emperor's military might regardless of the actual outcome of the campaigns, displaying a modern awareness of how manipulating knowledge can militarize a culture.

Social aspects, Portrayals, Propaganda, War memorials, Heads of state, Conquerors

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Stubborn Indianness: cultural persistence, cultural change

Article Abstract:

The misconceptions and misunderstandings about Indian culture and history are addressed in the books by Leland Donald, George W. Dorsey, Frederic W. Gleach, Richard G. Hardorff, Michael E. Harkin, Jean M. O'Brien and Allen W. Trelease. The books cover a wide range of topics such as the oral traditions of the Great Plains region and the life and the varieties of cultural exchange in colonial Massachusetts, New York and Virginia. Others focus on the cultures of the Northwest Coast before and during contact with whites.

Native Americans, Native North Americans, Bibliography

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