Public-sector price reforms in transition economies: who gains? who loses? the case of household energy prices in Poland

Article Abstract:

The welfare effect of raising energy prices in Poland was analyzed. The policy of subsidizing energy prices which is prevalent in the transition economies of eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union was observed to be regressive. The rich or the nonpoor sector is benefited more than the poor since the former consumes more energy and allots a larger part of their wages on energy. In effect, energy-intensive consumption and overconsumption of energy are thereby encouraged by keeping energy prices at their current levels.

PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS, Energy, Utilities, Economic aspects, Energy use, Poland, Power resources, Social services, Social service, Energy consumption

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Democracy, Human Rights, and Development Assistance for Education: The USAID and World Bank in Latin America and the Caribbean

Article Abstract:

Education projects in Latin America and the Caribbean have received funding from the World Bank and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in different manners based upon the democratic operations of each government. Most of the World Bank's allocations went to countries that had low ratings in the human rights and democratic government arenas while the opposite was true for USAID.

Caribbean Region, Latin America, Management, Political aspects, Education, World Bank, Caribbean Islands, United States. Agency for International Development

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Social gains from female education: a cross-national study

Article Abstract:

Women are more likely to be more productive and receive higher wages if they are educated. In turn, higher productivity and wages result in higher household income and lower poverty levels. Education also improves women's health and that of their children, reducing fertility and making it more likely for children to enter and finish school. The social gains from female secondary education are discussed.

Education of women, Women's education, Education, Secondary, Secondary education

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