Social security, voters, and the U.S. generation gap

Article Abstract:

The turning point age beyond which people receive a fair rate of return on their tax payments into the social security system is calculated. It is shown that the age is affected by interest rates, life expectancy, average income, income and social security tax rates, means testing of benefits, social security benefit formulas, and the amount of wages subject to social security taxes. The calculations provide a broad description of what has happened to the fundamental demographic support for the social security system through time.

Economic aspects, Voting, Social security, Conflict of generations, Generation gap

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The second generation of American criminal justice

Article Abstract:

The second generation of criminal-justice scholars were able to forge a unique academic field and a professional identity by re-arranging the boundaries defined by their first-generation counterparts. These sociologists, psychologists, geographers, economists and biologists also contributed by developing a new corpus of knowledge on criminal justice and adopting new models being created in related fields.

Study and teaching, Criminal justice, Administration of, Administration of criminal justice

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Reference groups and criminal careers: refining the conceptual links

Article Abstract:

The conceptual link between reference group theory and criminal careers is examined. Topics include reference group dynamics, role status allocation, ego-attitudes, and situational propinquity.

United States, Group identity, Social identity, Organized crime

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