An underground route for the water cycle

Article Abstract:

Water from submarine ground-water discharge (SGWD) flows directly underground and into the sea through porous rocks and sediments, providing nutrient to the plants of coastal lagoons. The flow of SGWD is similar to the discharge of water from rivers and is almost 0.01 to 10% of the surface-water runoff. The quantification of SGWD is difficult due to the absence of data on hydraulic pressure gradients and water transmission coefficients. The penetration of large quantities of salt water due to groundwater use by man into the coastal ocean regions has serious implications for the conservation of potable water.

Research, Observations, Groundwater flow, Hydrologic cycle, Water cycle

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The ozone layer: the road not taken

Article Abstract:

The ozone hole present over the Antarctic region and the greenhouse effect would have continued throughout the 21st century if chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) had not been linked to ozone depletion in 1974. The production of CFC would have followed the free market trend, and ozone depletion, relative to that in 1980, would have been 10% soon after 2000 instead of 4% in 1997. If the discovery of the ozone hole in 1985 had been the first warning, a total ban would have been implemented in 2007 instead of 1987. These predictions show that if there had been no warnings, ozone depletion would have been much worse.

Analysis, Usage, Ozone layer depletion, Chlorofluorocarbons, Geophysical prediction

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