Causes of HIV diversity

Article Abstract:

The causes and mechanisms of HIV genetic diversity need to be researched to develop an appropriate treatment. Mutation and selection forces with cell tropism, immune response and random activation of infected cells may be the main causes of the reverse transcriptase high error rate. The pattern of HIV evolution in a hemophiliac patient beginning with seroconversion and continued over seven years was analyzed for amino-acid changing and amino-acid preserving nucleotide substitution patterns. This research appears to support cell tropism through a decrease in positive selection but further research is necessary.

HIV (Viruses), HIV, Genetic aspects, HIV patients, Nucleotides

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Evolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring

Article Abstract:

A new theoretical framework based on indirect reciprocity is presented. Computer simulations and analytic models specifying the conditions needed for evolutionary stability of indirect reciprocity, are presented. It is shown that the probability of knowing the image of the recipient should exceed the cost-to-benefit ratio of the altruistic act. It is proposed that indirect reciprocity emerged as a decisive step in the evolution of human societies.

Observations, Evolution (Biology), Evolution, Reciprocity theorems

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The evolution of syntactic communication

Article Abstract:

The evolution of syntactic communication is examined using a model for the population dynamics of language evolution.

Linguistics

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