Electrons pair themselves

Article Abstract:

It has been possible to gain new insights into high-temperature superconductivity in copper-oxide materials. An analysis of the optical properties of copper oxides has detailed the absorption process. Direct conversion of a photon to an electron-hole pair is not possible, as it violates momentum conservation. However, photon conversion to an electron-hole pair plus an energy quantum of lattice vibration (phonon) can take place if the electrons are strongly coupled to lattice vibrations. Using evidence from inelastic neutron-scattering measurements, it was found that optical excitation of a four-particle state could produce a sharper onset than previously believed.

Superconductivity

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Electrons seen in orbit

Article Abstract:

Research using a combination of electron and X-ray diffraction to investigate the shape and bonding of copper atoms in copper oxide has led to the observation of the unusual shape of some of the electron orbitals. An electron beam focused to nanometre dimensions was used to identify a region of the crystal where the perfect-crystal theory of diffraction applies. It was also possible to filter the electrons transmitted by the specimen to eliminate inelastically scattered electrons.

Atomic orbitals

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Single electrons in silicon drops

Article Abstract:

There is renewed interested in charge-quantization effects at room temperature, in sub-micrometre conductors rather than oil droplets. This is because metal-oxide field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), use in modern computers, will come up against fundamental restrictions around the year 2015. A new device has been developed by Zhuang and colleagues, which achieves single-electron transistor performance at room temperature.

Field-effect transistors, Field effect transistors, MOSFET (Transistors), Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors

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