Insect parasitoid species respond to forest structure at different spatial scales

Article Abstract:

A large-scale study on host-parasitoid population of the four species of parasitoids and the forest tent caterpillar was used to evaluate the interaction between a population-level process of parasitism and the anthropogenic forest fragmentation. Results have shown that variations in host population which are dependent on proportion of the forested land elicited different parasitoid responses at four different spatial scales that correspond to their body sizes.

Analysis, Behavior, Environmental aspects, Insects, Parasitism, Host-parasite relationships, Parasitic insects, Tent caterpillars

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Reduction in the surface energy of liquid interfaces at short length scales

Article Abstract:

Liquid-vapour interfaces are common in natural and artificial environments. Recent capillary-wave models assume a step-like local density profile over the liquid-vapour interface. The structure of liquid surfaces on submicrometre length scales is not well understood. Grazing-incidence X-ray scattering experiments were undertaken, enabling complete determination of the free surface structure and surface energy for water and other organic liquids.

Vapor-liquid equilibrium

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Colour mixing in wing scales of a butterfly

Article Abstract:

The origin of the bright green wing scale coloration of the Indonesian male butterfly, Papilio palinurus was investigated. The combination of yellow and blue irridescence is due to modulation on the multilayer.

Physiological aspects, Butterflies, Iridescence

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