Natural and artificial 'singing' sands

Article Abstract:

A silica gel-type surface layer on sand materials is responsible for the singing behavior of both artificial and natural sands. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of sand grains show a 3,400 cm-1 infrared band due to clusters of water in an amorphous silica layer on the surface of grains. Similar studies also reveal the characteristic 3,400 cm-1 infrared band on the surface of non-quartz sand materials.

Sand, Sands, Acoustic properties

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Ecosystem consequences of wolf behavioural response to climate

Article Abstract:

The ecological consequences of predator behavioural response to global climatic variation are reported, based on 40 years of data on wolf predation from Isle Royale, USA. Wolves hunted in larger packs, tripling the number of moose killed per day, in response to a rise in winter snow linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Moose abundance declined and growth of understory fir increased.

Research, Environmental aspects, Biotic communities, Predatory animals

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