Fares, service levels, and demographics: what determines commuter rail ridership in the long run?
Article Abstract:
A study was conducted to examine the influence of transportation policy and demographic shifts on commuter rail ridership. Data were collected on 118 of the 165 stations on the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority commuter rail system for the timeframe 1978-1991. The panel data on ridership, fares and service levels were used to generate a reduced-form fixed-effects model for ridership and a model with no fixed effects for ridership changes. Findings revealed that the total impact of fare and service level changes take place with a lag and that the long-run effects are approximately twice the short-run effects. Moreover, the study found statistically and economically significant ridership response to peak and off-peak service levels. Finally, demographic factors were revealed to have minor effects on residual differences in ridership.
Publication Name: Journal of Urban Economics
Subject: Government
ISSN: 0094-1190
Year: 1997
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Parking, transit, and employment in a central business district
Article Abstract:
The impact of parking taxes and transit subsidies on the size of a central business district (CBD), CBD land values and the market shares of cars and transit was investigated. A general equilibrium model was utilized to test whether agglomeration economies increase continuously in relation to labor market size, whether locational equilibrium is maintained as reflected in the inability of firms and individuals to reduce costs or increase utility by moving, and whether traffic congestion arises from automobile use only. The conditions under which parking taxes are levied and used to subsidize transit and increase CBD land values and size were derived. Results showed that parking taxes can increase both CBD size and land values and that parking taxes, land values and transit use have nonmonotonic relationships.
Publication Name: Journal of Urban Economics
Subject: Government
ISSN: 0094-1190
Year: 1998
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The long-run elasticity of demand for commuter rail transportation
Article Abstract:
The rise and fall in public transit ridership depend on the changes in transportation fare and services. For instance, higher fares and lower quality of service can cause ridership to drop. This article studies the long-run elasticity of demand for commuter rail transportation considering the price of a ride, the price of alternatives, service attributes, and attributes of alternatives. Results show the elasticity of ridership to occur more in the long-run than in the short run.
Publication Name: Journal of Urban Economics
Subject: Government
ISSN: 0094-1190
Year: 1991
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