From Vietnam to Desert Fox: civil-military relations in modern democracies

Article Abstract:

Military chiefs have gained power as a result of broad socia changes and technological advances. The mass media lends greater visibility to military chiefs, while there is less tolerance of casualties. The Vietnam War has also had a major impact on the US. Military officers may veto military action that political appointees and diplomats have proposed, and civilians may propose military action. Desert Fox is an example of the outcome of this situation. The result was ambiguous, and casualties were minimal. Constraints imposed by social change may be ignored by both civilians and the military.

Social aspects, Analysis, War and society, Society, Wars, Military policy, Military strategy

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Civil-military relations in contemporary Pakistan

Article Abstract:

Pakistan's military chiefs and the elected civilian government attempt to balance a delicate power-sharing arrangement where the military has stronger influence over foreign, security and major domestic issues of the government. Pakistani military's major interests and concerns include national security, overseas weapons and equipment procurement, and military autonomy and civilian non-interference in internal organizational matters. Civilian leaders of states who have experienced prolonged military rule want to prove that they are capable of making autonomous decisions.

Political aspects, Pakistan, Civil-military relations

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