Stars in the Gutenberg galaxy: 1989 and the Polish emigre press

Article Abstract:

It was very difficult to obtain reliable news from Poland in the 1970s. Emigrants from Poland responded to this problem by creating Aneks, a Polish-language quarterly, which was eventually edited in France and printed in the UK. This publication was much more modest than the emigre monthly Kultura, which was founded immediately after the second world war. Kultura was extremely literate and politically innovative. Following the collapse of Solidarity and the imposition of martial law, press agency Agencja Solidarnosc founded the underground newspaper Weekly of Mazowia, which became well known for its sparse style. Aneks folded in 1989, but Kultura is still thriving.

Publishing industry, Poles (European people), Poles in foreign countries

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A fatal error: the press conference that opened the Berlin Wall

Article Abstract:

It was announced at a routine press conference in East Berlin, Germany, in Nov 1989 that all East German citizens would be eligible to receive visas for the purpose of travel or visiting relatives in the West. Journalists attending the press conference reacted with great excitement, realizing that, in practice, this change in policy meant the end of the Berlin Wall. The news spread quickly, and it is estimated that 2 million East Germans stood in West Berlin, Germany, the following weekend. It has subsequently come to light that it was never intended to make this announcement at that particular time.

History, East Germany, Berlin Wall

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The Czech press - fighting for change

Article Abstract:

The Czech press became more openly militant and politically active in agitating for a more open political system and a censor-free press from 1963-1968. By spring of 1968, they had incited critical public opinion and accumulated a substantial amount of influence that they were to play a major part in bringing about the downfall of the incumbent president. The so-called Prague Spring of 1968 civil rights movement was a brief experiment with democracy that was to be crushed when the Soviet Union invaded the country in 1968.

Political aspects, Press and politics, Czechoslovakia, Civil rights movements

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